References

Introduction

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Mangione S, Nieman LZ, Gracely E, Kaye D. The teaching and practice of cardiac auscultation during internal medicine and cardiology training: nationwide survey. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 47-54.

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History of Present Illness

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Review of Systems

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Anderson MR, et al. Evaluation of vaginal complaints. JAMA 2004; 291 (11): 1368-79.

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Detsky ME, et al. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA 2006; 296 (10): 1274-83.

Deyo R, et al. Low back pain. NEJM 2001; 344 (5): 363-70.

Froehling DA, et al. The rational clinical examination: Does this dizzy patient have a serious form of vertigo? JAMA 1994; 271 (5): 385-8.

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Jacobs D. A 52 year-old suicidal man. JAMA 2000; 283: 2693-99.

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Swartz MH. Swartz Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination. 4th edition, WB Saunders 2002: Review of Systems, 28-30.

Silen W. Cope's early diagnosis of the acute abdomen. 17th edition. Oxford University Press 1987.

Trowbridge RL, et al. Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA 2003; 289 (1): 80-6.

Wagner J. Does this patient have appendicitis? JAMA 1996; 276 (19): 1589-94.

Wang CS, et al. Does this dyspneic patient in the emergency department have congestive heart failure? JAMA 2005; 294 (15) 1944-56.

Wells PS, et al. Does this patient have deep ein thrombosis? JAMA 2006; 295 (2): 199-207.

Whited JD, et al. The rational clinical examination: Does this patient have a mole or a melanoma? JAMA 1998; 279 (9): 696-701.

Williams J. Is this patient clinically depressed? JAMA 2002; 287 (9):1160-70.

Williams JW, et al. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA 1993; 270 (10): 1242-6.

Vital Signs

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Benowitz NL, Kuyt F, Jacob P. Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 74-81.

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O'Brien ET, O'Malley. ABC of blood pressure measurement: The patient. British Medical Journal October 13, 1979: 920-21.

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O'Brien ET, O'Malley. ABC of blood pressure measurement: Technique. British Medical Journal October 20, 1979: 982-84.

Reeves RA. Does this patient have hypertension? How to measure blood pressure. JAMA 1995; 273: 1211-18.

Russell AE, Wing LMH, Smith SA, Aylward PE, McRitchie RJ, Hassam RM, West MJ, Chalmers JP. Optimal size of cuff bladder for indirect measurement of arterial pressure in adults. J of Hypertension 1989; 7: 607-613.

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Scherwitz LW, Evans LA, Hennrikus DJ, Vallbona C. Procedures and discrepancies of blood pressure measurements in two community health centers. Medical Care 1982; 20: 727-38.

Silverberg DS, Shemesh E, Iaina A. The unsupported arm: A cause of falsely raised blood pressure readings. British Medical Journal November 19, 1977; 1331.

Smith TDW, Clayton D. Individual variation between general practitioners in labeling of hypertension. British Medical Journal 1990; 300: 74-75.

Steinfeld L, Alexander H, Cohen ML. Updating sphygmomanometry. Am J of Cardiol 1974; 33: 107-10.

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Waaler HT. Specificity and sensitivity of blood pressure measurements. J of Epidemiology and Comm Health 1980; 34: 53-58.

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The Eye Exam

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Leibowitz HM. The red eye. NEJM 2000; 343: 345-51.

McGee S. Evidence bsed physical diagnsosis, 2nd ed. Chapter 19: The pupils. Saunders 2007: 209-241.

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Shingleton BJ, O'Donoghue. Blurred vision. NEJM 2000; 343: 556-62.

Shingleton BJ. Eye injuries. NEJM 1991;325: 408-13.

Vaughan D, Asbury T, Riordan-Eva P. General ophthalmology. 15^th edition, Stamford; Appleton and Lange 1999.

Wu G. Ophthalmology for primary care. 1^st edition, Philadelphia; W.B. Saunders Company 1997.

Head and Neck Exam

Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky A. Does This Patient Have Hearing Impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416 - 428.

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Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainene L, Kivisaari L. Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 37-42.

Ferrer R. Lymphadenopathy: Differential diagnosis and evaluation. American Family Physician 1998; 58: 1313-20.

Habermann TM, Steensma DP. Lymphadenopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2000; 75: 723-32.

Jarlov AE, Hegedus L, Gjorup T, Hansen JM. Observer variation in the clinical assessment of the thyroid gland. Journal of Internal Medicine 1991; 229: 159-61.

Kennedy D. A 48-year old man with recurrent sinusitis. JAMA 2000; 283: 2143-2150.

Linet OI, Metzler C. Incidence of palpable cervical nodes in adults. Postgraduate Medicine 1977; 62: 210-13.

Pangalis GA, Vassilakopoulos TP, Boussiotis A, Fessas P. Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy. Seminars in Oncology 1993; 20: 570-82.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 139-53; 207-237.

Siminoski K. Does this patient have a goiter? JAMA 1995; 273: 813-17.

Slap GB, Brooks JSJ, Schwartz S. When to perform biopsies of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes in young patients. JAMA 1984; 252: 1321-26.

Williams JW, Simel DL. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA 1993; 279: 1242-46.

The Lung Exam

Acres JC, Kryger MH. Clinical significance of pulmonary function tests: Upper airway obstruction. Chest 1981; 80: 207-11.

Andrews JL, Badger TL. Lung sounds through the ages: From Hippocreates to Laennec to Osler. JAMA 1979; 241: 2625-30.

Badgett RG, Tanaka DJ, Hunt DK, Jelley MJ, Feinberg LE, Steiner JF, Petty TL. Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone? Am J of Med 1993; 94: 188-96.

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Forgacs P. The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Chest 1978; 73: 399-405.

Forgacs P. Lung sounds. Brit J Dis Chest 1969; 63: 1-12.

Heckerling PS, Tape TG, Wigton RS, Hissong KK, Leikin JB, Ornato JP, Cameron JL, Racht EM. Clinical prediction rule for pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 664-70.

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King DK, Thompson T, Johnson DC. Wheezing on maximal forced exhalation in the diagnosis of atypical asthma: Lack of sensitivity and specificity. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 451-55.

Loudon R, Murphy RLH. Lung sounds. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 663-73.

Mannino DM, Etzel RA, Flanders D. Do the medical history and physical examination predict low lung function? Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1892-97.

Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? JAMA 1997; 278: 1440-45.

Osmer JC, Cole BK. The stethoscope and roentgenogram in acute pneumonia. Southern Med J 1966; 59: 75-77.

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Schapira JM, Schapira MM, Funahashi A, McAuliffe TL, Varkey B. The value of the forced expiratory time in the physical diagnosis of obstructive airways disease. JAMA 1993; 270: 731-36.

Singal BM, Hedges JR, Radack KL. Decision rules and clinical prediction of pneumonia: Evaluation of low-yield criteria. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 13-20.

Spiter MA, Cook DG, Clarke SW. Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest. Lancet April 16, 1988: 873-75.

Stubbing DG Mathur PN, Roberts RS, Campbell EJM. Some physical signs in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125: 549-52.

Thacker RE, Kraman SS. The prevalence of auscultatory crackles in subjects without lung disease. Chest 1982; 6: 672-74.

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West JB. Respiratory Physiology. 4^th edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990.

West JB. Pulmonary Pathophysiology. 4^th edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1992.

Wilkins RL, Dexter JR, Murphy RLH, DelBono EA. Lung sound nomenclature survey. Chest 1990; 98: 886-89.

Cardiovascular Exam

Bladgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults? JAMA 1997; 277: 1712-19.

Bethell HJN, Nixon PG. Cardiovascular Exam in supine and left lateral positions. British Heart Journal 1973: 35: 902-7.

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Braunwald E (editor). Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5^th edition, Philadelphia; W.B. Saunders Co.: 15-52.

Carabello BA, Crawford FA. Valvular heart disease. NEJM 1997; 337: 32-41.

Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in paients with asymptomatic neck bruits. NEJM 1986; 315: 860-65.

Choudhyr NK, Echells EE. Does this patient have aortic regurgitation? JAMA 1999; 281: 2231-38.

Chun PKD, Dunn BE. Clinical clue of severe aortic stenosis: Simultaneous palpation of the carotid and apical impulses. Arch Inern Med 1982; 142: 2284-88.

Conn DC, Cole JS. The cardiac apex impulse: Clinical and angiographic correlation. Ann Intern Med 1971; 75: 185-91.

Constant J. Bedside Cardiology. 4^th edition, Boston; Little, Brown and Co.; 1993.

Cook DJ, Simel DL. Does this patient have abnormal central venous pressure? JAMA 1996; 275: 630-34.

Cooperman M, Martin EW, Evans WE. Significance of asymptomatic carotid bruits. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 1339-40.

Curtiss EI, Matthews RG, Shaver JA. Mechanism of normal splitting of the second heart sound. Circulation 1975; 51: 157-64.

Davison R, Cannon R. Estimation of central venous pressure by examination of jugular veins. American Heart Journal 1974; 87: 279-82.

Ducas J, Magder S, McGregor M. Validity of the hepatojugular reflux as a clinical test of congestive heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 1983; 52: 1299-1303.

Eagle KA, Quertermous T, Singer DE, Mulley AG, Reder VA, Boucher C, Strauss HW, Thibault GE. Left ventricular ejection fraction: Physician estimates compared with gated blood pool scan measurements. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 882-85.

Eilern SD, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA. Accuracy of precordial palpation for detecting increased left ventricular volume. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 628-30.

Eisenberg PR, Jaffe AS, Schuster DP. Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine 1984; 12: 549-53.

Etchells E, Bell C, Robb K. Does this patient have an abnormal systolic murmur? JAMA 1997; 277: 564-71.

Executive committee for the asymtpomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. Endarterectomry for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-28.

Ghail JK, Kadakia S, Cooper R, Liao Y. Bedside diagnosis of preserved versus impaired left ventricular systolic function in heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 1991; 67: 1002-06.

Harvey WP. Cardiac Pearls. Disease-a-Month 1994; Mosby: 43-112.

Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Heyden S, Helms MJ, Bartel AG, Karp HR, Tyroloer HA, Hames CG. Risk of stroke in asymptomatic persons with cervical arterial bruits: A population study in Evans County, Georgia. NEJM 1980; 302: 838-41.

Hurst JW, Hopkins LC, Smith RB. Noises in the neck. NEJM 1980; 302: 362-62.

Lembro NJ, DellÍtalia LJ, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA. Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs. NEJM 1988; 318: 1572-78.

Maisel A, Atwood E, Goldberger AL. Hepatojugular reflux: Useful in the bedside diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Ann Int Med 1984; 101: 781-81.

Mattelman SJ, Hakki A, Iskandrian AS, Segal BL, Kane SA. Reliability of beside evaluation in determining left ventricular function: Correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction determined by radionuclide ventriculography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1 (2): 417-20.

Munro NC, McIntoh S, Lawson J, Morley C, Sutton R, Kenny RA. Incidence of complications after carotid sinus massage in older patients with syncope. J American Geriatric Soc 1994; 42: 1248-51.

Meyers DG, Sagar KB, Ingram RF, Paulsen WJ, Romhilt DW. Diagnosis of aortic insufficiency: Comparison of auscultation and m-mode echocardiography to angiography. Southern Medical Journal 1982; 75: 1192-94.

Nellen M, Gotsman MS, Vogelpoel L, Beck W, Schrire V. Effects of prompt squatting on the systolic murmur in idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Brtish Medical Journal 1967; 3: 140-43.

North American symtpomatic carotid endarterectomy trial collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterecomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade stenosis. NEJM 1991; 325: 445-53.

O'Rourke MF. The arterial pulse in health and disease. American Heart Journal 1971; 82: 687-702.

Rahko PS. Prevalence of regurgitant murmurs in patients with valvular regurgitation detected by doppler echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 466-72.

Rosenblum R, Delman AJ. Valsalva's maneuver and the systolic murmur of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: A bediside diagnostic test. American Journal of Cardiology 1965; 15:868-70.

Roederer GO, Langlois YE, Jager KA, Primozich BS, Beach KW, Phillips DJ, Strandness DE. The natural history of carotid arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with cervical bruits. Stroke 1984; 15: 605-13.

Roldan C, Shively BK, Crawford MH. Value of the cardiovascular physical examination for detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects. American Journal of Cardiology 1996: 77: 1327-31.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 283-370.

Sauve JS, Laupacis A, Ostbye T, Feagan B, Sacett DL. Does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit? JAMA 1993; 270: 2843-45.

Schlant RC (editor). The Heart, Arteries and Veins. 8^th edition, New York; McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 229-51.

Stoelting RK. Evaluation of right atrial pressure. Anesthesiology 1973; 38: 291-94.

Van Ruiswyk J, Noble H, Sigmann. The natural history of carotid bruits in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 340-43.

Vongpatanasin W, Hillis LD, Lange A. Prosthetic heart valves. NEJM 1996; 335: 407-16.

Wang C, Fitzgerald J, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ayas N. Does This Dyspneic Patient in the Emergency Department Have Congestive Heart Failure? JAMA 2005; 294: 1944 - 1956.

Westman EC, Matchar DB, Samsa GP, Mulrow CD, Waugh RA, Feussner JF. Accuracy and reliability of apical s3 gallop detection. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1995; 455-57.

Wolf PA, Kannel WB, Sorlie P, McNamara P. Asymptomatic carotid bruit and risk of stroke: The Framingham study. JAMA 1981; 245: 1442-45.

Exam of the Abdomen

Arnell TD, de Virgilio C, Donayre C, Grant E, Baker JD, White R. Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in elderly males with atherosclerosis: The value of physical exam. The American Surgeon 1996; 62: 861-64.

Barkun AN, Camus M, Green L, Meagher T, Coupal L, de Stempel , Grover S. The bedside assessment of splenic enlargement. The American Journal of Medicine 1991; 91: 512-18.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7^th edition, Philadelphia; Lippincott, 1999: 355-86.

Castell C. How big is the normal liver, indeed! Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 968-9.

Castell DO. The spleen percussion sign: A useful diagnostic technique. Ann Intern Med 1967; 67: 1265-67.

Castell DO, O'Brien KD, Muench H, Chalmers TC. Estimation of liver size by percussion in normal individuals. Ann Intern Med 1969; 70: 1183-89.

Chervu A, Clagett P, Valentine J, Myers SI, Rossi PJ. Role of physical examination in detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 1995; 117: 454-57.

Cumings S, Papadakis M, Melnick J, Gooding GAW, Tierney LM. The predictive value of physical examinations for ascites. West J Med 1985; 142: 633-36.

Eippe DF, Gifford RW, Stewart BH, Alfidi RJ, McCormack LJ, Vidt DG. Abdominal bruits in renovascular hypertension. Am J of Cardioll 1976; 37: 48-52.

Ebaugh FG, McIntyre OR. Palpable spleens: Ten-year follow-up. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 130-31.

Fink HA, Lederle FA, Roth CS, Bowles C, Nelson DB, Haas MA. The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 833-36.

Fuller GN, Hargreaves MR, King DM. Scratch test in clinical examination of liver. Lancet January 23, 1988; 181.

Goldberg BB, Clearfield HR, Goodman GA, Morales JO. Ultrasonic determination of ascites. Arch Intern Med 1973; 131: 217-20.

Grover SA, Barkun AN, Sackett DL. Does this patient have splenomegaly? JAMA 1993; 270: 2218-21.

Guarino JR. Auscultatory percussion to detect ascites. NEJM 1986; 315: 1555-56.

Julius S, Stewart BH. Diagnostic significance of abdominal murmurs. NEJM 1967; 276: 1175-78.

Kiev J, Eckhardt A, Kerstein MD. Reliability and accuracy of physical examination in detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vascular Surgery 1997; 31: 143-46.

Lederle FA, Simel DL. Does this patient have abdominal aortic aneurysm? JAMA 1999; 281: 77-82.

Lederle FA, Walker JM, Reinke DB. Selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and ultrasound. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1753-56.

McClouglin MJ, Colapinto RF, Hobbs BB. Abdominal bruits: Clinical and angiographic correlation. JAMA 1975; 232: 1238-42.

Naylor CD. Physical examination of the liver. JAMA 1994; 271: 1859-65.

Rivin AU. Abdominal vascular sounds. JAMA 1972; 221: 688-90.

Simon N, Franklin SS, Bleifer KH, Maxwell MH. Clinical characteristics of renovascular hypertension. JAMA 1972; 220: 1209-18.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 371-90.

Sapira JD, Williamson DL. How big is the normal liver? Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 971-73.

Silen W. Cope's early diagnosis of the acute abdomen. 17^th edition, New York; Oxford Press 1987.

Skrainka B, Stahlhut J, Fulbeck CL, Knight F, Holmes RA, Butt JH. Measuring liver span. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8: 267-70.

Sullivan S, Krasner N, Williams R. The clinical estimation of liver size: A comparison of techniques and an analysis of the source of error. British Medical Journal 1976; 2: 1042-43.

Turnbull JM. Is listening for abdominal bruits useful in the evaluation of hypertension? JAMA 1995; 274: 1299-1301.

Wagner JM, McKinney P, Carpenter JL. Does this patient have appendicitis? JAMA 1996; 276: 1589-94.

Williams JW, Simel DL. Does this patient have ascites? JAMA 1992; 267: 2645-48.

The Breast Exam

Adams K. Lump detection in simulated human breasts. Perception and Psychophysicis 1976; 20: 163-7.

Baines C, Miller A, Bassett A. Physical examination. Its role as a single screening modality in the Canadian national breast screening study. Cancer 1989; 63: 1816-22.

Baines CJ, Miller AB. Mammography versus clinical examination of the breasts. J Natl Cancer Institute Monographs 1997; 22: 125-9. Baines CJ. Physical examination of the breasts in screening for breast cancer. J Gerontol 1992; 47: 63-7.

Barnes C. Breast palpation technique: what is the finer pad? J Chronic Disease 1987; 40: 361-2.

Barton M, Harris R, Fletcher S. Does this patient have berast cnacer?: The screening clinical berast examination: Should it be done? How? JAMA 1999; 282: 1270-80.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 9th edition, Philadelphia; Lippincott 2007: 337-357 .

Bloom HS, Criswell E, Pennypacker H. . Major stimulus dimensions determining detection of simulated breast lesions. Perception and Psychophysiology 1982; 32: 251-60.

Campbell HS, Fletcher SW, Pilgrim CA, Morgan TM, Lin S. Improving physicians and nurses clinical breast examination: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 1991; 7: 1-8.

Donegan W. Evaluation of a palpable breast mass. NEJM 1992; 327: 937-42.

Fletcher S, O'Malley M, Earp J, Morgan T, Lin S, Dengan D. How best to teach women breast self-examination: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Int Med 1990; 112: 772-9.

Gulay H, Bora S. Management of nipple discharge. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178: 471-4.

Hall D, Goldstein M, Stein G. Progress in manual breast examination. Cancer 1977; 40: 364-70.

Hall D, Adams C, Stein G, Stephenson H, Goldstein M. Improved detection of human breast lesions following experimental training. Cancer 1980; 46: 408-14.

Kerlikowske K, Simth-Bindman R, Ljung B, Grady D. Evaluation of abnormal mammography results and palpable breast abnormalities. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 274-84.

Love S, Gelman R, Silen W. Sounding board. Fibrocystic "disease of the breast - a nondisease? NEJM 1982; 307: 1010-4.

Mahoney L, Csima A. Efficiency of palpation in clinical detection of breast cancer. Can Med Assoc J 1982; 127: 729-30.

McDermott M, Dolan N, Huang J, Reifler D, Rademaker A. Lump detection is enhanced in silicone breast models stimulating postmenopausal breast tissue. JGen Intern Med 1996; 11: 112-4.

Mushlin A. Diagnostic tests in breast cancer. Clinical strategies based on diagnostic possibilities. Ann Int Med 1985; 103: 79-85.

Pilgrim C, Lannon C, Harris R, Cogburn W, Fletcher S. Improving clinical breast examination training in a medical school: A randomized trial. J of Gen Int Med 1993; 8: 685-8.

Sanders K, Pilgrim C, Pennypacker H. Increased proficiency of search in breast self exam. Cancer 1986; 58: 2531-7.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 239-43.

Screening for breast cancer; Summary of recomendations. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF). 2002. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm

Stephenson HS, Adams CK, Hall DC, Pennypacker HS. Effects of certain training parameters on detection of simulated breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1979; 2: 239-50.

Winchester D. Physical examination of the breast. Cancer 1992; 69: 1947-9.

Pelvic Exam

Barnhart K. Ectopic pregnancy. NEJM 2009; 361: 379-87

Basson R. Sexual desire and arousal disorders in women. NEJM 2006; 354:1497-150.

Bastian L, et al. Is this patient perimenopausal? JAMA. 2003; 289(7): 895-902.

Biggs W, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses. Am Fam Phys 2016; 93(8): 676-681.

Bulun S. Uterine fibroids. NEJM 2013; 369:1344-1355.

Committee on Gyn Practice. Management of acute abnormal uterine bleeding in non-pregnant reproductive-aged women. Committee opinion 557, ACOG, April 2013.

Crochet J, et al. Does This Woman Have an Ectopic Pregnancy? JAMA. 2013; 309(16): 1722-1729.

Eckert L. Acute vulvovaginitis. NEJM 2006; 355: 1244-52.

Edelman A, et al. Pelvic Exam, NEJM Videos In Medicine Series. NEJM 2007; 356; e26. Accessed 7/2018.

Hoffman BL, et al. Chapter 33. Endometrial Cancer. In: Williams Gynecology, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.

Hoffman BL, et al. Chapter 8. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. In: Williams Gynecology, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.

Hoffman BL, et al. Chapter 9. Pelvic Mass. In: Williams Gynecology, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012

Hopkins M, et al. BMJ Best Practices: Ovarian Torsion - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/792. Accessed 7/2018.

Potter J, Carrion-Gomez Y. The Pelvic Exam Web Site and Videos. The Carl J Shapiro Institute for Education and Research at the Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. https://research.bidmc.harvard.edu/vptutorials/midlife/tutorialShow.asp?setID=10710&1&openChapter=none Accessed 7/2018.

Surette A, et al, eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology, 11e. Chapter 13. Early Pregnancy Risks. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013.

Sweet M, et al. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Phys 2012; 85 (1): 35-43.

Wilson J. Vaginitis and cervicitis. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):ITC3-1.

Male Genital/Rectal Exam

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7^th edtion, Philadelphia; Lippincott, 1999: 387-403; 449-59.

Dixon JM, Elton RA, Rainey JB, Macleod DAD. Rectal examination in patients with pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 386-88.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 391-98, 411-14.

Wantz GE. A 65 year old man with an inguinal hernia. JAMA 1997; 277: 663-69.

The Upper Extremities

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7^th edtion, Philadelphia; Lippincott, 1999: 461-68.

Dorrington KL. Skin turgor: Do we understand the clinical sign? Lancet January 31, 1981; 264-65.

Myers KA, Farquhar DRE. Does This Patient Have Clubbing? The Rational Clinical Examination. JAMA 2001; 286: 341-347.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 435-42.

Schriger DL, Baraff LJ. Capillary refill - Is it a useful predictor of hypovolemic states? Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 601-605.

Schriger DL, Baraff L. Defining normal capillary refill: Variation with age, sex and temperature. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 932-35.

Shneerson JM. Digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: The underlying mechanisms. Br J Dis Chest 1981; 75: 113-25.

The Lower Extremities

Anand SS, Wells PS, Hunt D, Brill-Edwards P, Cook D, Ginsberg JS. Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis? JAMA 1998; 279: 1094-99.

Barnes RW, Wu KK, Hoak JC. Fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of venous thrombosis. JAMA 1975; 234: 605-07.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7^th Edtion, Philadelphia; Lippincott, 1999: 461-82.

Blankfield RP, Findelhor RS, Alexander JJ, Flocke SA, Maiocco J, Goodwin M, Zyzanski SJ. Etiology and diagnosis of bilateral leg edema in primary care. American Journal of Medicine 1998; 105: 192-97.

Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS, Gibbons GW, Karchmer AW. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. NEJM 1994; 331: 854-60.

Cymet TC, Weisman DS. Lower leg ulcers. Hospital Physician July, 1997; 30-41.

Haeger K. Problems of acute deep venous thrombosis: The interpretation of signs and symptoms. Angiology 1969; 20: 219-223.

Hirsh J, Hull RD, Raskob GE. Clinical features and diagnosis of venous thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 114B-127B.

Loscalzo J (editor). Vascular Medicine: A textbook of vascular biology and diseases. 1^st edition, Boston; Little, Brown and Compay 1992: 401-18.

Merli GJ, Spandorfer J. The outpatient with unilateral leg swelling. Medical clinics of North America 1995; 79: 435-47.

Nelzen O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A. Venous and non-venous ulcers: Clinical history and appearance in a population study. British Journal of Surgery 1995; 81: 182-87.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 442-49.

Sumpio BE. Foot ulcers. NEJM 2000; 343: 787-92.

Vaughan BF. CT of swollen legs. Clinical Radiology 1990; 41: 24-30.

Wells PS, Hirsh J, Andeson DR, Lensing AWA, Foster G, Kearon C, Weitz J, D'Ovidio, Cogo A, Prandoni P, Girolami A, Ginsberg JS. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1326-30.

The Mental Status Exam

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7^th edtion, Philadelphia; Lippincott, 1999: 107-27.

Froehlich TE, Robison JT, Inouye SK. Screening for dementia in the outpatient setting: The time and change test. J American Geriatrics Soc 1998; 46: 1506-11.

Hirschfeld RMA, Russell JM. Assessment and treatment of suicidal patients. NEJM 1997; 337: 910-15.

Lipowski, ZJ. Delirium (acute confusional states). JAMA 1987; 258: 1789-92.

Lipowski ZJ. Delirium in the elderly patient. NEJM 1989; 320: 578-82.

Small SM. Outline for psychiatric examination: 6-21.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1^st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 516-22.

Musculoskeletal Exam

Adkins S, Figler R. Hip pain in athletes. American Family Physician 2000; 61: 2109-20.

Anto C, Aradhya P. Clinical diagnosis of peripheral nerve compression in the upper extremity. Orthopedic Clinics of North America 1996; 27: 227-236.

Baker D, Schumacher H. Acute monoarthritis. NEJM 1993; 329: 1013-20.

Bernstein J, Ivins D. Impingement syndrome: differential diagnosis and treatment strategies. Hospital Medicine 1999 (Oct): 24-29.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Exam and History Taking. 7th edition, Philadelphia; Lippincott 1999: 483-5532.

Boyd R. Evaluation of back pain. Primary Care Medicine (Goroll A, Editor), 3rd Edition, Philadelphia; Lippincott 1995: 742-51.

Burkhart S. A 26-year-old woman with shoulder pain. JAMA 2000; 284: 1559-67.

Campbell CS. Gamekeeper's Thumb. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery1955; 37B: 148-49.

Canale TS. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 10th Ed., Philadelphia; Mosby: 2180-2211.

Cardone D, Tallia A. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the elbow region. American Family Physician 2002; 66: 2097-100.

Carragee E. Persistent low back pain. NEJM 2005; 352: 1891-98.

Chapman MW. Chapman's Orthopaedic Surgery 3rd Ed., Philadelphia; Lippincott: 2247-2265.

Chumbley E, O'Connor F, Nirschl R. Evaluation of overuse elbow injuries. American Family Physician 2000; 61: 691-702.

Colman W, Strauch R. Physical examination of the elbow. Orthopedic Clinics of North America 1999; 30: 15-20.

Daniels J, Zook E, Lynch J. Hand and wrist injuries: Part I. Non-emergent evaluation. American Family Physician 2004; 69: 1941-48.

Daniels J, Zook E, Lynch J. Hand and wrist injuries: Part II. Emergent evaluation. American Family Physician 2004; 69: 1949-56.

Deyo R, Rainville J, Kent D. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? JAMA 1992; 268: 760-5.

Dickey P. Surgical management of disc disease of the lumbar spine. Resident and Staff Physician 1997; 43: 41-50.

El-Gabalawy HS, Duray P, Goldbach-Mansky R. Evaluating patients with arthritis of recent onset. JAMA 2000; 284: 2368-73.

El-Khoury G, Renfrew D. Percutaneous procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of lower back pain: Diskography, facet-joint injection, and epidural injection. American Journal of Rheumatology 1991; 157: 685-91.

Frymoyer J. Back pain and sciatica. NEJM 1988; 318: 291-300.

Felson D; Osteoarthritis of the knee. NEJM 2006 354: 841-8.

Garfin S, Herkowitz H, Mirkovic S. Spinal stenosis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1999; 81A: 572-86.

Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Kroenke K. Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care. Annals of Int Med 2003; 139: 575-99.

Lonner JH. A 57-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee. JAMA 2003; 289: 1016-25.

Luime JJ, Verhagen AP, Miedema HS. Does this patient have an instability of the shoulder or a labrum lesion? JAMA 2004; 292:1989-99.

Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy, Summit, NJ; Ciba-Geigy Corporation 1989: 395-402, 476-80.

Nicholas JA. The upper extremity in sports medicine 2nd Ed, Philadelphia; Mosby 1995: 23-76.

Rectenwald, J. Stener lesion. E-Medicine 2005 http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/topic313.htm.

Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. 1st edition, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins 1990: 415-33.

Simon RR, Koenigsknecht SJ. Emergency Orthopedics, The Extremities, 3rd Ed, Stamford CT; Appleton and Lange 1996: 386-410, 437-60.

Skolnick AA. For some injuries, it's all in the name. JAMA 1998; 279: 572-73.

Smith CC. Evaluating the painful knee: A hands-on approach to acute ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Advanced Studies In Medicine 2004; 4: 362-69.

Snider RK. Essential of muscoskeletal care, 1st Ed. American Academy of Orthopedics 1997: 75-81, 311-9.

Solomon DH, Simel DL, Bates DW. Does this patient have a torn meniscus or ligament of the knee? JAMA 2001; 286: 1610-20.

Spiegel TM, Crues JV. The painful Shoulder: Diagnosis and treatment. Primary Care 1988; 15: 709-24.

Stener B. Displacement of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metarcarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1962; 44b: 869-79.

Woodward TW, Best TM. The painful shoulder: Part I clinical evaluation. Americal Family Physician 2000; 61: 3079-88.

Sandler G. The importance of the history in the medical clinic and the cost of unnecessary tests. American Heart Journal 1980; 100: 928-31.

Neurological Exam

Bickerstaff ER. Neurological Exam in Clinical Practice. 4th edition, London; Blackwell Scientific Publications 1980.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 7th edition, Philadelphia; Lippincott 1999.

Braunwalk E, Fauci A. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th edition, San Francisco; McGraw Hill 2001: 111-163, 2369-2441.

Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. NEJM 1994; 331: 854-60.

Chiles BW, Cooper PR. Acute spinal injury. NEJM 1996; 334: 514-20.

Clark CM, Lee A. Prevention and treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. NEJM 1995; 332: 1210-17.

Cornbluth D. Peripheral neuropathy. NEJM 1982; 307: 1457.

D'Arcy C, McGee S.The Rational Clinical Examination: Does This Patient Have Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? JAMA 2000; 283: 3110-3117.

Dawson DM. Current concepts: Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremities. NEJM 1993; 329: 2013-18.

Deyo R, Weinstein J. Low back pain. NEJM 2005; 344: 363-70.

Dyck PJ. Current concepts in nuerology. The causes, classification and treatment of peripheral neuropathy. NEJM 1982; 307: 283-86.

Furman JM, Cass SP. Primary care: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. NEJM 1999; 341: 1590-96.

Glick TH. Neurologic Skills: Examination and Diagnosis. Boston; Blackwell Scientific Publications 1993.

Gorson KC. Case 9-2001 - A 64 year old woman with peripheral neurophathy, paraproteinemia and lymphadenopathy. NEJM 2001; 344: 917-23.

Haerer AF. Dejong's: The Neurologic Examination. 5th Edition, New York; J B Lippincott; 1992.

Hotson JR, Baloh RW. Acute vestibular syndrome. NEJM 1998; 339: 680-85.

Katz JN, Simmons BP. Carpal tunnel syndrome. NEJM 2005; 346: 1807-11.

Lange AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson's disease - First of two parts. NEJM 1998; 339: 1044-53.

Lessell S. Optic neuropathies. NEJM 1978; 299: 533-36.

Louis ED. Essential tremor. NEJM 2001; 345: 887-91.

Mancall E. Alpers and Mancall's Essentials of the Neurologic Examination. edition 2, Philadelphia; FA Davis Co; 1981.

Nathan DM. Medical progress: Long term complications of diabetes mellitus. NEJM 1993; 328: 1676-85.

Clinical Decision Making

Kassirer JP. Diagnostic Reasoning. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 893-900.

Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. 1^st edition, Edinburgh; Churchill Livingstone 1998.

Wernick R, Coyle C. Systemic lupus erythematosus: A streamlined, rational approach to diagnosis. Hospital Medicine April 1999; 16-22.

Bowen J. Educational strategies to promote clinical diagnostic reasoning. NEJM 2006; 355 (21): 2217-25.

A Few Thoughts

Gawande, Atul. When Doctors Make Mistakes. New Yorker Magazine; February 7, 1999: 40-55.

Diagnosis. JAMA 1901; 37: 1118 (reprinted in JAMA 2001; 286: 1944).

Verrees, Meg. Touch Me. JAMA 1996; 276: 1285-86.